Latest Market Research Report on Stem Cell Research in Cardiology
BrandPrinciples.com has been working on various market research reports pertaining to biotechnology which is their expertise and thus, concentrate only on this industry which is growing at a high speed. These unique research reports are of immense value to investment banks, companies, management consultants, trade associations, corporate executives, business analysts, libraries, universities, and business schools.
This report specifies the importance of Stem Cell Research in Cardiology. The study is segmented by Source (Allogenic and Autogenic) and by Type (Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Embryonic Stem Cells, and Other). Projections and estimates are graphically illustrated by geographic region encompassing North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World. Business profiles of 23 major companies are discussed in the report. The report serves as a guide to global market for Stem Cell Research in Cardiology covering 229 companies that are engaged in stem cell R&D, storage, banking, discovery, testing and supply of products and services. Major Contract Research Organizations and Universities serving the industry are also covered in the Corporate Directory section of this report. Information related to recent product releases, product developments, partnerships, collaborations, mergers and acquisitions, ethical issues, regulatory affairs, and other areas of concern is also covered in the report. Exhibits (27) complement the text.
Heart disease has assumed great magnitude as an endemic health problem. Cardiology field has seen significant efforts in clinical research in the past few years with the development of new drugs and surgical modalities of therapy as well. However, the mortality rates remain very high. In this context, stem cell applications in cardiology assume great significance since stem cells have been found to be successfully used in tissue regeneration. Heart disease, including myocardial infarction and ischemia, can be treated with the applications of stem cells.
The concept of stem cell transplantation to regenerate the myocardium and better the working of the heart has received a great deal of attention in recent times. Small-scale studies in the pre-clinical and clinical stages support the use of stem cells in treating heart disease. However similar such studies must be carried out on a larger-scale to corroborate the findings and prove stem cell therapy as a viable alternative method of treating patients with heart disease.
The global market for Stem Cells in Cardiology is projected to reach about US$ 3.5 billion by 2012. Adult stem cells market is the largest tapped market while cord blood and embryonic stem cell markets, though with huge market potential, are still in infancy stages. Embryonic stem cells to treat cardiac disorders is a very interesting area of research. However, due to various ethical issues, this area is mired in debates all over the world.
A free sample of report is available on request sent through their website – Stem Cell Research in Cardiology.
Cell-Based Assays For Drug Discovery—-Aarkstore Enterprise
The area of drug discovery tools is one of the newest and most important sectors of pharmaceutical research and development. The term drug discovery tools usually refers to high-content screening (HCS) and analysis and is composed of those applications that require sufficient levels of sample throughput, whereby complex cellular events and phenotypes can be studied. Elements of drug performance like toxicity and specificity can be established simultaneously using mixed cell types-primary cells, cell lines, cell subpopulations. HCS seeks to assess the impact of phenotypic and cellular changes that are brought about by gene modification (such as with RNA interference (RNAi) approaches) and/or drug (or compound) treatment. The purpose of this examination by TriMark Publications is to describe the specific segments of the global drug discovery tools market. Within this area, the report covers those segments that are highly active in terms of innovation and growth. Specifically, this study examines the markets for small lab equipment all the way up to highly automated, large automated platforms, as well as accessory equipment such as reagents, supplies and manufacturers’ original equipment manufacturer (OEM) additional equipment.
Table of Contents :
1. Overview 4
1.1 Objectives of the Report 4
1.2 Methodology 5
1.3 Scope of the Report 6
1.4 Executive Summary 7
2. Technologies and Product Offering for High-Content Analysis 10
2.1 Definition of High-Content Analysis and Why it is so Attractive a Discipline 11
2.2 Classes of Measurements Possible with High-Content Analysis Approaches and Biologies Interrogated 14
2.3 Instrumentation Platforms for High-Content Analysis 17
2.3.1 High-Content Screening Technology 17
2.4 Reagent and Assay Platforms for High-Content Analysis 24
2.5 Cell-based Screening Technologies in Drug Development 28
2.5.1 Applications of Cell-based Assays 28
2.5.2 Pharma Drug Discovery Paradigm and Compound Screening 28
2.5.3 High-Content Analysis in the Biopharmaceutical Industry 29
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Arrowhead Research Corporation (NASDAQ: ARWR) $107M (MarketCap) Receives Grant from the State of Texas
The ETF, created by the Texas Legislature at the urging of Governor Rick Perry, provides Texas with an unparalleled advantage by expediting the development and commercialization of new technologies, to recruit the best research talent in the world and create economic growth and stability. Matching and commercialization funds coupled with additional federal and outside investments mean new technology is emerging in Texas.
The Emerging Technology Fund was created by the Texas Legislature at the urging of Governor Rick Perry to provide the state with investments to foster, develop, and commercialize new technology companies, attracting talent and jobs to the region in the process. The fund offers research superiority awards, matching grant awards, and commercialization awards to applicants who demonstrate innovative case studies and are developing some variation of bio-chemical technology to research centers, universities, and organizations throughout Texas. Companies who have received these awards go on to achieve greater breakthroughs and financial traction; everything from public offerings, to venture capital, to outright buy-outs and clinical trial funding.
Arrowhead Research Corporation is a nanotechnology company commercializing new technologies in the areas of life sciences and electronics through the progress of its subsidiaries and investments. Currently, Arrowhead is focused primarily on its two majority owned subsidiaries; Unidym, a leader in carbon nanotube technology for electronic applications, and Calando, at the forefront of the clinical application of RNAi delivery technology.
Arrowhead also has minority investments in two privately held nanobiotech companies, one of which is Leonardo Biosystems. Leonardo is a drug delivery company built around technology developed by Dr. Mauro Ferrari, one of the world’s best-known nano-science innovators and has a multi-stage delivery platform that has been shown in animal models to be highly effective in targeting delivery of siRNA and small molecule drugs.
The Texas ETF has made an early-stage investment in Leonardo, a new technology-based, private entrepreneurial entity that collaborates with public and private institutions of higher education in Texas. The fund has provided the company with $2.5M, and while Dr. Bruce Given, Leonardo’s chief executive officer has not provided details with how the funds will be used, he did say “this award from the ETF allows us to keep this crucial technology in Texas, where we hope to develop it to its full potential.”
Ultimately, Arrowhead benefits from this milestone as well. By providing strategic management, financing, and operational services to its subsidiaries, Arrowhead takes an active role in their development, allowing the business and technical development teams at the subsidiary companies to remain focused on near term revenue opportunities and capital efficiency. Arrowhead’s ultimate goal is to monetize the value of its subsidiaries through an initial public offering of subsidiary stock or a sale of a subsidiary to another company or could retain ownership of its subsidiary to capture its continuing cash flow and income.
Currently, Arrowhead owns about 6.13% of the outstanding shares of Leonardo; about 70% of the outstanding shares of Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; about 80% of the outstanding shares of Unidym, Inc.; a minority interest in Agonn Systems, a nanotech based energy device maker; and a minority interest in Nanotope, Inc., an advanced nanomaterials developer for the treatment of spinal cord injuries and would healing.
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MedImmune: collaboration with Trellis strengthens RSV pipeline
MedImmune: collaboration with Trellis strengthens RSV pipeline
MedImmune has agreed to license the rights to develop Trellis Bioscience’s monoclonal antibody products for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). MedImmune already has one RSV product on the market and has filed for motavizumab, its follow-on compound. However, the efficacy of both products can be improved upon, which may have driven MedImmune’s decision to collaborate with Trellis. ( http://www.bharatbook.com/detail.asp?id=124900&rt=Monoclonal-antibodies-2009-update.html )
Trellis Bioscience has granted a worldwide exclusive license to MedImmune, the global biologics unit of AstraZeneca, to develop and commercialize Trellis’ antibodies directed against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The RSV antibodies were discovered using Trellis’ proprietary CellSpot discovery platform which enables rapid identification and isolation of human antibodies produced from the B-cells of RSV-infected patients. The deal’s value could reach $338 million if a product reaches the market.
MedImmune already has one marketed RSV antibody product (Synagis; palivizumab), which is currently the only available drug for prophylaxis of RSV infection. Synagis was approved in June 1998 for the prevention of serious respiratory disease caused by RSV in infants and children with a history of preterm birth (less than or equal to 35 weeks’ gestation) or chronic liver disease (CLD). While it has successfully reduced RSV hospitalizations in this high risk population, its clinical efficacy can still be improved upon.
Recognizing Synagis’ shortcomings, MedImmune developed a follow-on compound, motavizumab. This antibody has to-date demonstrated non-inferiority to Synagis but does not offer any significant improvements in terms of efficacy. The company filed for approval of motavizumab in January 2008 but received a Complete Response Letter (CRL) from the FDA asking for additional information. It is yet unclear whether MedImmune has addressed the regulator’s questions.
In addition to motavizumab, the company is also developing an extended half-life RSV monoclonal antibody, two vaccines for RSV prophylaxis and an F-protein inhibitor for the treatment of RSV infection. MedImmune’s collaboration with Trellis comes as a logical step considering the attractive market gap for RSV therapies with improved efficacy.
Given that motavizumab does not offer any significant therapeutic benefits over Synagis and the extended release version will only offer improvements in terms of administration, it is likely that MedImmune will develop Trellis’ RSV antibodies as successors to motavizumab and may also use them in combination with other RSV products. Other companies with RSV products in development include Pevion Biotech which has an RSV vaccine in preclinical stages, and Cubist Pharmaceuticals which is developing Alnylam’s RNAi-based RSV inhibitors.
Related research
• Monoclonal antibodies: 2009 update
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Aarkstore Enterprise- Cell-Based Assays for Drug Discovery-Biotechnology, Healthcare and Life Market Research Reports
Table of Contents :
1. Overview 4
1.1 Objectives of the Report 4
1.2 Methodology 5
1.3 Scope of the Report 6
1.4 Executive Summary 7
2. Technologies and Product Offering for High-Content Analysis 10
2.1 Definition of High-Content Analysis and Why it is so Attractive a Discipline 11
2.2 Classes of Measurements Possible with High-Content Analysis Approaches and Biologies Interrogated 14
2.3 Instrumentation Platforms for High-Content Analysis 17
2.3.1 High-Content Screening Technology 17
2.4 Reagent and Assay Platforms for High-Content Analysis 24
2.5 Cell-based Screening Technologies in Drug Development 28
2.5.1 Applications of Cell-based Assays 28
2.5.2 Pharma Drug Discovery Paradigm and Compound Screening 28
2.5.3 High-Content Analysis in the Biopharmaceutical Industry 29
3. Market Analysis of the High-Content Tools Space 31
3.1 High-Content Analysis Market Size and Growth 31
3.2 Market Survey to Assess Qualitative and Quantitative Parameters of the High-Content Analysis Space 31
3.3 Experimental and Research Trends in High-Content Analysis 33
3.4 Challenges and Market Drivers in High-Content Analysis 38
3.4.1 Barriers to High-Content Analysis 40
3.4.2 Drivers of High-Content Analysis 41
3.5 High-Content Analysis in Combination with RNAi 41
3.6 Market Landscape of Instrumentation for High-Content Analysis 43
3.7 Reagents and Assays Usage in High-Content Analysis 47
3.8 Trends in High-Content Analysis Assays/Reagents Space-Major Product Vendors 50
3.9 Emerging Market Trends in High-Content Analysis 52
3.10 Market Forecasts for the High-Content Analysis Space 54
3.11 Use of HCS in Pharmaceutical Companies 56
3.12 Qualitative Opportunities and Challenges for Market Adoption 57
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Transposons
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPOSONS
(Jumping Genes)
Author: Waseem Ashfaq
Transposons are pieces of DNA that can “jump” into novel positions in the genome. There are numerous different types of transposon which differ from each other in many ways. They have been exploited very extensively in molecular biology research. They can insert themselves into DNA without requiring any similar sequence to be present in themselves and their “target”. This makes them powerful mutagens, since their insertion into a gene will generally prevent the gene from producing a functional protein. As mutagens, their effect is not always completely random, as some do have preferences for certain sequences or types of chromatin, and others will transpose preferentially to adjacent regions rather than randomly throughout the genome. Generally, a minimum of two things are required for transposition.
The first is a gene which encodes transposase enzyme and which can recognize the ends of the transposon, excise the transposon (or a copy of it) from its starting point, cut DNA randomly or semi-randomly elsewhere, and catalyze the movement of the transposon from its starting point to its new target. The transposase can be encoded either by the transposon itself (in which case the transposon is often referred to as being “autonomous”) or elsewhere – on another transposon, for example, or on a plasmid. Transposons which rely on a transposase which they do not themselves carry are called “non-autonomous”. They occur naturally, and any autonomous transposon can be converted to a non-autonomous one by removing the transposase gene from it. The second requirement for transposition are the sequences at the ends of the transposon, which are recognized by the transposase. This minimal requirement for an autonomous transposon is shown below. There are many variants on this theme! Transposons use many different mechanisms to jump around the genome, but they all boil down to two basic types: replicative and nonreplicative. Replicative transposons copy themselves when they transpose, and leave one copy at the original site while inserting the second copy elsewhere. Non-replicative transposons are excised from their starting position and inserted elsewhere in the genome.
In replicative transposition a), the transposon makes a copy of itself which is inserted randomly in the target DNA. In non-replicative transposition b), the transposon excises from its original position (usually leaving a small change in the sequence at the excision point) and reinserts at random in the target DNA.
They may be:
· cause mutations
· Increase (or decrease) the amount of DNA in the genome.
These mobile segments of DNA are sometimes called “jumping genes”. They were discovered by Barbara McClintock early in her career, for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1983. The chromosomal basis of heredity was already well established by the time McClintock began her graduate training in the Botany Department at Cornell University. Her experiments laid the groundwork for a serie of cytogenetic discoveries by the Cornell maize genetics group between 1929 and 1935. McClintock developed a method for using broken chromosomes to generate new mutations. Among the progeny of plants that had received a broken chromosome from each parent, she observed unstable mutations at an unexpectedly high frequency, as well as a unique mutation that defined a regular site of chromosome breakage. These observations so intrigued her that she began an intensive investigation of the chromosome-breaking locus. Within several years she had learned enough to reach the conclusion, published in 1948, that the chromosome-breaking locus did something unknown for any genetic locus: it moved from one chromosomal location to another, a phenomenon she called transposition.
Transposons are discrete segments of DNA capable of moving through the genome of their host via an RNA intermediate in the case of class I retrotransposon or via a “cut-and-paste” mechanism for class II DNA transposons. Since transposons take advantage of their host’s cellular machinery to proliferate in the genome and enter new hosts, transposable elements can be viewed as parasitic or “selfish DNA”. However, transposons may have been beneficial for their hosts as genome evolution drivers, thus providing an example of molecular mutualism. Some transposable elements contain heat-shock like promoters and their rate of transposition increases if the cell is subjected to stress, thus increasing the mutation rate under these conditions, which might be beneficial to the cell.
The evolution of transposons and their effect on genome evolution is currently a dynamic field of study. Transposons are found in all major branches of life. The study of transposable genetic elements and transposition became the central theme of her genetic experiments from the mid 1940s until the end of her active research career. This was incredulous at the time, DNA was believed to be stable and invariable. They may or may not have originated in the last universal common ancestor, or arisen independently multiple times, or perhaps arisen once and then spread to other kingdoms by horizontal gene transfer. While transposons may confer some benefits on their hosts, they are generally considered to be selfish DNA parasites that live within the genome of cellular organisms. In this way, they are similar to viruses. Viruses and transposons also share features in their genome structure and biochemical abilities, leading to speculation that they share a common ancestor.
Since excessive transposon activity can destroy a genome, many organisms seem to have developed mechanisms to reduce transposition to a manageable level. Bacteria may undergo high rates of gene deletion as part of a mechanism to remove transposons and viruses from their genomes while eukaryotic organisms may have developed the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism as a way of reducing transposon activity. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, some genes required for RNAi also reduce transposon activity.
Interspersed Repeats within genomes are created by transposition events accumulating over evolutionary time. These Interspersed Repeats block gene conversion thereby catalyzing the formation of new genes. Transposons are therefore an evolutionary device promoting creation of new genes and protecting novel gene sequences from being overwritten by similar gene sequences through gene conversion.
There are three distinct types:
· Class II Transposons consisting only of DNA that moves directly from place to place.
· Class III Transposons; also known as Miniature Inverted-repeats Transposable Elements or MITEs.
· Retrotransposons (Class I) that
-first transcribe the DNA into RNA and then
-use reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of the RNA to insert in a new location.
Many transposons move by a “cut and paste” process: the transposon is cut out of its location (like command/control-X on your computer) and inserted into a new location (command/control-V). This process requires an enzyme — a transposase — that is encoded within some of these transposons. Transposase binds to:
· both ends of the transposon, which consist of inverted repeats; that is, identical sequences reading in opposite directions.
· a sequence of DNA that makes up the target site. Some transposases require a specific sequence as their target site; other can insert the transposon anywhere in the genome.
After the transposon is ligated to the host DNA, the gaps are filled in by Watson-Crick base pairing. This creates identical direct repeats at each end of the transposon. Often transposons lose their gene for transposase; but as long as somewhere in the cell there is a transposon that can synthesize the enzyme, their inverted repeats are recognized and they, too, can be moved to a new location.
Retrotransposons move by a “copy and paste” mechanism but in contrast to the transposons described above, the copy is made of RNA, not DNA. The RNA copies are then transcribed back into DNA — using a reverse transcriptase — and these are inserted into new locations in the genome. Many retrotransposons have long terminal repeats (LTRs) at their ends that may contain over 1000 base pairs in each. Like DNA transposons, retrotransposons generate direct repeats at their new sites of insertion. In fact, it is the presence of these direct repeats that often is the clue that the intervening stretch of DNA arrived there by retrotransposition. 42% of the entire human genome consists of retrotransposons.
Retroviruses were first identified 80 years ago as agents involved in the onset of cancer. More recently the AIDS epidemic has been shown to be due to the HIV retrovirus. In the early 1970s it was discovered that retroviruses had the ability to replicate their RNA genomes via conversion into DNA which became stably integrated in the DNA of the host cell. It is only comparatively recently that retroviruses have been recognized as particularly specialized forms of eukaryotic transposons. In effect they are transposons which move via RNA intermediates that usually can leave the host cells and infect other cells. The integrated DNA form (provirus) of the retrovirus bears a marked similarity to a transposon.
The transposition cycle of retroviruses has other similarities to prokaryotic transposons, which suggest a distant familial relationship between these two types of transposon. Crucial intermediates in retrovirus transposition are extrachromosomal DNA molecules. These are generated by copying the RNA of the virus particle into DNA by a retrovirus-encoded polymerase called reverse transcriptase. The extra chromosomal linear DNA is the direct precursor of the integrated element and the insertion mechanism bears a strong similarity to “cut and paste” transposition.
One family of transposons in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are called P elements. They seem to have first appeared in the species only in the middle of the twentieth century. Within 50 years, they have spread through every population of the species. Transposons are also a widely used tool for mutagenesis of most experimentally tractable organisms.
In bacteria, transposons can jump from chromosomal DNA to plasmid DNA and back, allowing for the transfer and permanent addition of genes such as those encoding antibiotic resistance (multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial strains can be generated in this way). Bacterial transposons of this type belong to the Tn family. When the transposable elements lack additional genes, they are known as insertion sequences. The most common form of transposon in humans is the Alu sequence. The Alu sequence is approximately 300 bases long and can be found between 300,000 and a million times in the human genome.
Mariner-like elements are another prominent class of transposons found in multiple species including humans. The mariner transposon was first discovered by Jacobson and Hartl in drosophila1. This type-II trasposable element is known for its uncanny ability to be transmitted horizontally in many species. There are an estimated 14 thousand copies of mariner in the human genome composing of 2.6 million base pairs. These characteristics of the mariner transposon have inspired the science fiction novel titled, “The Mariner Project.”
References:
1. McClintock, B. (June 1950). “The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 36 (6): 344–55.
2. Rubin GM, Spradling AC (October 1982). “Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors”. Science 218 (4570): 348–53.
3. Wilson MH, Coates CJ, George AL (January 2007). “PiggyBac transposon-mediated gene transfer in human cells”. Mol. Ther. 15 (1): 139–45.
4. Mandal, P.K. & Kazazian, H.H., Jr. SnapShot: Vertebrate transposons. Cell 135, 192-192 e1 (2008).
5. Kidwell, M.G. (2005). “Transposable elements.”. in (ed. T.R. Gregory). The Evolution of the Genome. San Diego: Elsevier. pp. 165–221. ISBN 0-12-301463-8.
6. Craig NL, Craigie R, Gellert M, and Lambowitz AM (ed.) (2002). Mobile DNA II. Washington, DC: ASM Press. ISBN 978-1555812096.
7. Lewin B (2000). Genes VII. Oxford University Press.. ISBN 978-0198792765.
Contact : waseemishfaq@gmail.com
Waseem ashfaq
Post Graduate Scholar,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.